In publishing and graphic design, lorem ipsum is standard placeholder text used to demonstrate the graphic elements of a document or visual presentation, such as font, typography, and layout. Lorem ipsum also serves as placeholder text in mock-ups of visual design projects before the actual words are inserted into the finished product. When used in this manner, it is often called greeking.
Even though using "lorem ipsum" often arouses curiosity due to its resemblance to classical Latin, it is not intended to have meaning. Where text is visible in a document, people tend to focus on the textual content rather than upon overall presentation, so publishers use lorem ipsum when displaying a typeface or design in order to direct the focus to presentation. "Lorem ipsum" also approximates a typical distribution of letters in English, which helps to shift the focus to presentation.
The most common lorem ipsum text reads as follows:
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.

Variations

List of Latin phrases
Li Europan lingues
Etaoin shrdlu
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog

William I "the Lion" (known in Gaelic as Uilliam Garbh

Margaret (1193–1259), married Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent.
Isabella (1195–1253), married Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk.
Alexander II of Scotland (1198–1249), reigned 1214–49.
Marjorie (1200–44), married Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke.

BT1 6DL, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
The Royal Belfast Academical Institution, commonly known as 'Inst.', is a voluntary non-denominational grammar school for boys, founded in 1810, in College Square, Belfast, Northern Ireland and is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference (HMC). The school occupies an 8-acre site in the centre of the city on which its first buildings were erected; major additions in 1953, 1957, 1960, 1964, 1983, 1991, 2000 and 2003 provide modern and specialised facilities and account for half the present accommodation. In addition to 40 classrooms, there are 16 science laboratories, 2 lecture rooms, 2 gymnasia, Art and Music departments, Sixth Form Centre, Common Hall, Dining Hall and an indoor heated swimming pool. A new sports hall has been added and Christ Church, a state of the art facility containing a new library, careers suite and 3 IT suites, has recently been opened.
For the first three years boys normally follow a common curriculum: in the fourth year the curriculum is still general but certain options are introduced, and at the end of the 5th Form, boys sit the examination for the Northern Ireland G.C.S.E. Subjects studied at AS/A2 level in the sixth form include English Literature, Modern History, Geography, Economics, French, German, Spanish, Media Studies, Latin, Technology, Mathematics, Physics, Politics, Chemistry, Biology, Music and Art.
Rugby football and hockey are played in the winter; athletics, cricket and tennis occupy the summer months; badminton, fencing, shooting, rowing, squash and swimming (including water polo and life-saving) take place throughout the year. Teams representing the school take part not only in matches and activities within Northern Ireland, but also in events open to all schools in the United Kingdom.
There are numerous clubs and societies, a school orchestra, choir and band, a contingent of the Combined Cadet Force, Scout and Venture Scout units and a Community Service Group.
Over four-fifths of each year's leavers go on to university or to full-time courses in other institutions of higher and further education.
In addition to a large number of prizes throughout the school, endowed scholarships offered in the sixth form are tenable for travel or at university.
Candidates for admission to the Main School should be under 12 on July of the year of admission and applications must be received by mid-February. Boys who are regarded by the Department of Education for Northern Ireland as qualified for grammar school education have their tuition fee paid by their local Education and Library Board. There is an annual capital fee for the 2005/06 academic year of £690.50 and £45.75 stationery. For new pupils there is also an insurance charge of £15.75 and a refundable book deposit of £65. Scholarships are awarded to the school boys whose work shows outstanding progress during their school career.
The school motto is "Quaerere Verum" - To seek the truth.

History
Miss Janet Williamson replaced Mr Michael Ridley in January 2007. Her academic record includes a MA in Geography from St. Catherine's College, Oxford and a National Qualification for Headship. She attended Glenlola Girl's Grammar School in Bangor Northern Ireland, and was Headmistress at Antrim Grammar School for 6 years before joining the staff at RBAI.

Chairman of the Board of Governors - Sir Kenneth Bloomfield
Principal - Miss Janet Williamson
Vice Principals - Alan McKinstry B.Ed., P.G.Q.Dip. G.C. and Brian Todd B.A., M.Ed., P.G.C.E.
Dean (Head of Pastoral Care) - Eamon Foster B.A., M.Litt., P.G.C.E.
Head of English: Frank Ormsby, M.A.
Head of Mathematics: William Collins, B.Sc., M. Sc., Dip. Ed., Dip LBC
Head of Science: Dr Caroline Greer, B.Sc., Ph.D., P.G.C.E.
Head of Modern Languages: Dr Robert Cotter, M.A., P.G.C.E., M.Ed., M.Th., D.Phil (Oxon.)
Head of Geography: Neil McClements, B.Sc., P.G.C.E., PQH(NI) Senior staff

Dill - (House Colour - Red)
Jones - (House Colour - Yellow)
Kelvin - (House Colour - Green)
Pirrie - (House Colour - Blue)
Stevenson - (House Colour - Brown)
Larmor - (House Colour - Black) Houses

Lord Kelvin, physicist. (Kelvin house is named after him.)
Thomas Andrews, Chief designer at Harland and Wolff shipyards and RMS Titanic architect.
Lord Carswell of Killeen, Law Lord and former Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland.
Lord Lowry, former Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland.
John Miller Andrews, 2nd Prime Minister of Northern Ireland.
Bowman Malcolm (1854–1933), railway civil and mechanical engineer
William Pirrie, Viscount Pirrie, Chairman of Harland and Wolff 1895-1924. Pirrie House is named in his memory.
Paul Smith, Founder of Celador, he was the creator of the popular game-show 'Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?'.
Mark Pollock, blind international rower and entrepreneur.
Sir Joseph Larmor, Lucasian Professor of Mathematics, Cambridge University 1903-1933
Baron Mawhinney of Peterborough, a member of the Cabinet until 1997 and a Member of Parliament until 2005, currently Chairman of the Football League.
Dawson Stelfox, the leader of the 1993 Irish Expedition to Mount Everest and the first Irishman to reach the summit.
Sir Kenneth Bloomfield, former Head of the Northern Ireland Civil Service. Current Chairman of the Board of Governors.
Paul Rankin, television chef and owner of a chain of cafes in Belfast.
Tim Collins, Commanding Officer of the 1st Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment in 2001 during Operation Telic. After his service in the Iraq war, he was promoted to a full Colonel. He has recently retired.
Sam Lee, Between 1891 and 1898 he won nineteen international caps for Ireland. Captained Ireland in the 1892-1893 season again in 1895-1896. In 1894 he was a member of Ireland's first Triple Crown triumph. 1904 he refereed the Scotland v England match.
Robin Thompson, captain British and Irish Lions rugby team 1955, South Africa
Michael Longley, poet
Derek Mahon, poet
R.B. McDowell, fellow of Trinity College Dublin, the most prominent 18th century historian in Ireland
Sir Donald Currie, shipping magnate and founder of the highly prestigious Currie Cup rugby competition held in South Africa
Charles Monteith, prominent London publisher, he became the first person to accept William Golding's "Lord of the Flies"
Lembit Öpik, Liberal Democrat MP and Spokesperson on Northern Ireland and Wales.
Stephen Nolan, BBC radio and television presenter.
David Johnson, U105 local radio presenter.
Kenneth Montgomery, principal conductor, Ulster Orchestra Sports and Societies
The school offers a wide selection of sports. Rugby Union is the dominant sport. Inst have won the Ulster Schools Cup outright 29 times along with 4 shared titles, putting them in second place to Methodist College Belfast's 30 victories. The school's coaches are Richard Hedley and Gavin Monteith. The school boasts the highest representation of British Lions and Irish Rugby players in the British Isles.
Unlike some other grammar schools in Ireland, which play Gaelic Games or Rugby to the exclusion of soccer, soccer is played at Inst with 3 senior teams regularly competing in league and cup competitions, although it is not played below 5th Form.

Sport
The Music Department is overseen by Philip Bolton, who in his time at the school has managed to create an award winning musical community.
Other notable figures in the music department are:
The music performed is of all varieties and styles. In one concert, a listener could be treated to choral, jazz, gospel, classical, modern classical, rock and alternative in the space of 2 hours. Concerts have a reputation of being incredibly different to other school performances, with plenty of visual aspects and also frequent light hearted humour.
Among public performances and TV recordings, the music department have two major concerts a year in November and March, along with the annual Carol Service, details may be found on the RBAI Official Website.

Mrs Ann Reid, a distinguished Violin Performer and Concert Pianist, who tutors both of these instruments in the school. She holds qualifications from the Royal Academy of Music, London. She accompanies much of the Music performances on the piano.
Mrs Antoinette McMichael, full time Music teacher in both Inchmarlo Preparatory and the main school. She has gathered much respect through her work in the preparatory department, for which she is the director of music, where the 2007 production is "The Little Shop of Horrors". Music
The school's debating society, more properly known as the Royal Academical Debating Society, is the oldest continuously extant body of its kind in Irelandand is overseen by Chris Leathley. The society meets regularly at both junior and senior level and aims to develop initiative, confidence, and an appreciation of the culture of debate and civilised argument. Debates are lively, sometimes controversial, and provide a platform for social, political and cultural debate articulated in a considered and eloquent manner. The inaugural RBAI Invitational Debating Tournament was held in January 2007, with teams from Bangor Grammar School, Victoria College, and St. Malachy's College taking part. The event was a great success, and will continue in future years. The school debating team won the Northern Ireland Schools Debating Championship in April 2007, defeating Thornhill College, Derry in the final at Stormont.

Debating
Another prominent society is that of the Combined Cadet Force (CCF). With both RAF and Army sections the Inst CCF contingent is regarded by many as one of the strongest in the UK. The Army-section is the current holder of the Northern Ireland Cadet Championship Trophy for Team skills (having won the trophy ten times in the past eleven years). A member of the contingent is also the holder of the United Kingdom Land Forces, Cadet Leadership Course, best cadet award, making him the best cadet in the UK. Various other trophies are held, both individually and collectively for performance in military and civil skills.

Old Instonians
R.B.A.I. also has a preparatory department (Inchmarlo), founded in 1907 and now set in a 6 acre site on Cranmore Park, off the Malone Road in South Belfast. Inchmarlo House was the former home of Sir William Crawford, a Director of the York Street Flax Spinning Mill.
It employs 11 full-time staff and caters for boys aged between 4 and 11 whose standard uniform consists of traditional school-caps, shorts, knee-high socks, school-blazers and leather satchels. It constantly attains impressive results in the '11 plus' examination with 75% of pupils gaining an 'A' grade. Of those, approximately 99% (around 40) transfer to the main school every year.
The Headmaster of Inchmarlo Preparatory School is Alan Armstrong, and his Vice Principal is Malcolm Guy.

Isabelle Poulenard (b. 5 July 1961 in Paris, France) is a soprano.
Her work has generally been focused on music of the French Baroque, however, she has performed and recorded George Frideric Handel and Georg Philipp Telemann. Her voice has been compared to that of Emma Kirkby.

Danity Kane is an American R&B girl group signed to Bad Boy Records. Formed on the third installment of the Making the Band series, the quintet consists of Shannon Bex, Aundrea Fimbres, Aubrey O'Day, Dawn Richard, and Wanita "D. Woods" Woodgette.

History
In 2005, rapper and mogul "Sean "Diddy" Combs" returned with Making the Band 3, this time searching for the next female supergroup. With the help of choreographer Laurie Ann Gibson, vocal coach Doc Holiday and talent manager Johnny Wright, he set out on a multi city search, subsequently finding 20 young singers. While seven girls remained, Diddy grew more and more unhappy with the level of talent throughout the season, and eventually decided not to form a band. He did however give a reprieve to three contestants who he felt deserved another chance (including Aubrey O'Day and Aundrea Fimbres) who all continued on to the following season.
Afterwards Diddy once again sent his team across the country to audition new girls for the group. Finally eighteen girls were chosen and moved into a loft in New York City. After weeks of dance and singing lessons, promotional appearances, and a performance in front of 20,000 at a Backstreet Boys concert at the Nissan Pavilions, eleven girls remained. The finalists were sent home for three months, told to polish up, and return for the final stretch in December 2005.
On the second season's finale on Thursday, December 8, 2005, five of the eleven were chosen: Aundrea Fimbres, Aubrey O'Day, Dawn Angelique Richard, Shannon Bex, and Wanita "D. Woods" Woodgette. The final five members of the group in place, Making the Band 3 tracked the development and struggles of the new band - from then on known as Danity Kane (a name, taken from a female anime superhero conceived by Dawn).

Making The Band 3
After months of recording the band's debut album, Danity Kane, was released to mixed reviews on August 22, 2006 in the United States. Produced by Timbaland, Scott Storch, Rodney Jerkins, Mario Winans and Ryan Leslie among others, the album sold over 90,000 copies in the first day of release, and over 234,000 in the first week of release. It eventually debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, knocking veteran Christina Aguilera's Back to Basics from the top spot and out-selling hip-hop duo OutKast. The album received a platinum certification from the RIAA in November 2006.

Debut: Danity Kane

After The Debut
During early February to May 2007 Danity Kane performed as an opening act, along with The Pussycat Dolls, on Christina Aguilera's Back To Basics Tour. In the meantime the band has intensified work on their as-yet-untitled second album, which was initally scheduled for a autumn 2007 release, however for an unknown reason the album has been pushed back and is now set for a Spring 2008 release. In a recent interview in Colorado, Aubrey and Dawn both said in recent interviews that recording will start in October.
Danity Kane will also be featured on We Invented The Remix Vol. 2 which includes many other Bad Boy artists.

Touring and New Album
In the summer of 2007, speculation by fans and the media circled the internet and entertainment news outlets concerning the possibility of Danity Kane splitting up. The rumors were fueled by quotes taken out of context (most notably when Aubrey O'Day was questioned by TMZ It was not until Wednesday July 25, 2007 that Danity Kane released an official statement on their group MySpace page stating that they were still together and working on their second album. The statement said:
Much love,
Danity Kane

Discography

Released: August 22, 2006
Chart Positions: #1 U.S., #2 U.S./R&B
U.S. Sales: 1.200,000+
RIAA Certification: Platinum
Released: Spring 2008
Chart Positions: TBA
U.S. Sales: TBA
RIAA Certification: TBA Albums

Singles

Awards

2007: Poptastic Awards - "Best Ringtone(for "Showstopper")"
2007: Soul Train Music Awards - "Best R&B/ Album Group, Band or Duo" Won

Sophia is a small unincorporated community in central Randolph County in the U.S. state of North Carolina. It is located along U.S. Highway 311, just northwest of the route's intersection of with I-73/I-74/US 220 and southeast of Archdale, North Carolina. It is the location of WGHP-TV's (Fox 8) television transmitter tower. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Sophia citizens protested the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) on its plan to route I-74 through the center of town, essentially removing the community from existence. After a hearing with locals, the NCDOT decided to shift the planned corridor about 1 mile to the north.
Coordinates: 35°49′23″N, 79°51′39″W
Archdale | Asheboro | High Point | Randleman
Franklinville | Liberty | Ramseur | Seagrove | Staley | Trinity
Sophia

In political science, the initiative (also known as popular or citizen's initiative) provides a means by which a petition signed by a certain minimum number of registered voters can force a public vote on a proposed statute, constitutional amendment, charter amendment or ordinance, or, in its minimal form, to simply oblige the executive or legislative bodies to consider the subject by submitting it to the order of the day. It is a form of direct democracy. It has also been referred to as "minority initiative," thus relating it to minority influence . Furthermore, it is, in itself, a politically neutral tool, despite its name which refers it to the "people." It can be used as well for conservative proposal as for progressive ends.
The initiative may take the form of either the direct or indirect initiative. Under the direct initiative, a measure is put directly to a vote after being submitted by a petition. Under the indirect initiative, a measure is first referred to the legislature, and then only put to a popular vote if not enacted by the legislature. In United States usage, a popular vote on a specific measure is referred to as a referendum only when originating with the legislature. Such a vote is known, when originating in the initiative process, as an "initiative," "ballot measure" or "proposition."
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Political parties Brief history of popular initiative
In the United States the initiative is in use, at the level of state government, in 24 states and the District of Columbia [1], and is also in common use at the local and city government level. The initiative has been recognized in the US since at least 1777 when provision was made for it by the first constitution of Georgia.
The modern U.S. system of initiative and referendum originated in the state of Oregon in 1902, when the state's legislators adopted it by an overwhelming majority. The "Oregon System", as it was at first known, subsequently spread to many other states, and became one of the signature reforms of the Progressive Era (1890s-1920s). Well known U.S. initiatives include various measures adopted by voters in states such as Washington, Oregon, California, Massachusetts and Alaska.
The first attempt to get National ballot initiatives occurred in 1907 when House Joint Resolution 44 was introduced by Rep. Elmer Fulton of Oklahoma. In 1977, both the Abourezk-Hatfield (National Voter Initiative) and Jagt Resolutions never got out of committee. Senator Mike Gravel (now a Presidential candidate) was part of that effort. Gravel since discovered a way to get a new proposal, the National Initiative for Democracy, into the Constitution without asking Congress. American citizens can now vote to ratify the National Initiative, much as citizens—not the existing 13 State Legislatures—ratified the Constitution at the Constitutional conventions.

Thomas Joseph Ridge (born August 27, 1945 near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives (1983–1995), Governor of Pennsylvania (1995–2001), Assistant to the President for Homeland Security (2001–2003), and the first United States Secretary of Homeland Security (2003–2005).

Early life
He became Assistant District Attorney in Erie County, Pennsylvania in 1980 and prosecuted 86 cases in two years. In 1982 he successfully ran for a Pennsylvania House seat, and was re-elected six times. Ridge was notable as the first enlisted Vietnam combat veteran elected to the U.S. House. As of 2006, Ridge has never lost an election for public office.
In 1994, Ridge ran for governor of Pennsylvania, winning the election as a Republican. He was reelected in 1998 with 57 percent of the vote in a four-way race. Ridge's share of the vote was the highest for a Republican governor in Pennsylvania (where Democrats outnumber Republicans by almost 500,000) in more than half a century. Ridge served as Governor until his resignation to become the Director of Homeland Security in 2001.
As governor, he promoted "law and order" policies, supporting a three-strikes law and a faster death penalty process. He signed more than two hundred execution warrants, five times the number signed over a 25-year period by the two previous governors. On social issues, he opposed gay marriage, and, despite of being a Roman Catholic, supported abortion rights. His "law and order" stance did not spill over into his cabinet choices, however. The Governor nominated Dr. Peter J. Jannetta to be his secretary of health. Dr. Jannetta was known to the governor to have testified perjuriously in Court, the Pennsylvania Superior Court stating, "We have little difficulty in concluding that Dr. Jannetta's testimony at deposition was different than, or inconsistent with, the testimony at trial." Levy v Jannetta, CCP Allegheny County, GD 81-7689; appeal -J. A370017/92 Levy v Jannetta et al, No. 00150 Pittsburgh, 1992. settled, 1995." Dr. Jannetta served as Governor Ridge's health secretary for 6 months.
Over Ridge's tenure, the Commonwealth's budget grew by two to three percent per fiscal year and combined tax reductions totaled over $2 billion. Ridge created and grew a "Rainy Day" Fund balance to over $1 billion to be utilized during an economic downturn or recession.
Ridge pushed for legislation permitting competition among electric utilities and enhanced federal and state support for the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP). He also separated the Commonwealth's environmental regulatory and conservation programs into two new agencies; the Department of Environmental Protection and the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.
Ridge proposed the creation of public charter schools in Pennsylvania and in establishing alternate schools for disruptive students. He launched new academic standards that established academic expectations for what students were expected to know in different grades. Ridge also proposed a school choice demonstration program.
Ridge oversaw a number of e-government projects including renewing drivers' licenses and vehicle registrations to viewing historical documents and library catalogs. The Commonwealth's portal won several national awards. One of the nation's first electronic grant systems was put into place at the Pennsylvania Department of Education. Ridge also created the Link-to-Learn initiative to increase the effective use of technology in public schools and universities.

Public service in Pennsylvania
Ridge served as a close advisor to GOP presidential nominee George W. Bush, a close friend from their simultaneous tenures as governors, during the 2000 presidential campaign. In return, Bush named Ridge to his short list for possible running mates, along with New York Governor George Pataki, Michigan Governor John Engler, former Senator John Danforth, and former American Red Cross President Elizabeth Dole.
However, Bush selected the man who was in charge of leading his search for the vice presidential nominee, former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney, to be his running mate.
Ridge was also reportedly Colin Powell's choice to be Secretary of Defense in Bush's new cabinet. With his reputation as a former Congressman and a strong administrator as governor, in addition to his friendship with Bush and Powell, he was seen as a frontrunner for the post. But after much decrying by conservatives over his lack of defense experience, particularly by Republican primary candidate Gary Bauer, who decried Ridge as a "peacenik-type of congressman during the Reagan years" and Robert Novak who wrote of Ridge's lack of defense experience and his opposition to the Strategic Defense Initiative. There was also rumored to be a lot of animosity regarding the nomination between Powell and Dick Cheney regarding Ridge. With all of this Ridge promptly took his name out of the running and Donald Rumsfeld was eventually named as defense secretary.

2000 U.S. Presidential Election
Following the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks, U.S. President George W. Bush created the Office of Homeland Security within the White House, and named Ridge to head it. The charge to the nation's new director of homeland security was to develop and coordinate a comprehensive national strategy to strengthen the United States against terrorist threats or attacks. In the words of President George W. Bush, he had the strength, experience, personal commitment and authority to accomplish this critical mission. Ridge formally resigned as Pennsylvania's governor on October 5, 2001.
In January 2003 and after the passage of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, the Office of Homeland Security split into a Cabinet-level Department, the Department of Homeland Security, and the White House Homeland Security Advisory Council. Ridge left the White House and became the first Secretary of Homeland Security. The Department's Mission "is to (A) prevent terrorist attacks within the United States; (B) reduce the vulnerability of the United States to terrorism; and (C) minimize the damage, and assist in the recovery, from terrorist attacks that do occur within the United States" (From H.R. 5005-8 the Homeland Security Act of 2002). The newly created Department was the most comprehensive reorganization of the Federal government since the National Security Act of 1947. The Department of Homeland Security consolidates 22 agencies and 180,000 employees, unifying once-fragmented Federal functions in a single agency dedicated to protecting America from terrorism. Ridge worked with the employees from combined agencies to strengthen borders, provide for intelligence analysis and infrastructure protection, improve the use of science and technology to counter weapons of mass destruction, and to create a comprehensive response and recovery division.

Homeland Security Advisor and Secretary
In February 2005, Tom Ridge was named to the board of Home Depot. Based on an article from the Atlanta Business Chronicle, Ridge's compensation was expected to be in the area of $100,000 per annum for this position. Since April 2005, Tom Ridge has also served on the board of Savi Technology, the primary technology provider for the wireless cargo-monitoring network for the United States Department of Defense.

Work in the private sector

Erie International Airport was renamed Tom Ridge Field in honor of Ridge.
Recently opened Environmental Center in Erie, Tom Ridge Environmental Center at Presque Isle is named after Ridge. Ridge was instrumental in securing funds for the center.

Territories of the United States are one type of political division of the United States, administered by the U.S. government but not any part of a U.S. state. These territories were created to govern newly acquired land while the borders of the United States were still evolving. Territories can be classified by whether they are incorporated (part of the United States proper) and whether they have an organized government (through an Organic Act passed by the U.S. Congress). The organized incorporated territories of the United States existed from 1789 to 1959, through which 31 territories applied for and won statehood. The U.S. had no unincorporated territories (also called "overseas possessions" or "insular areas") until 1898, but continues to control several of them today.

Incorporated and unincorporated territories
An organized territory is a territory for which the United States Congress has enacted an Organic Act to formally set forth its system of government. Such territories can be incorporated or not, but only non-incorporated organized territories have existed since the Territory of Hawaii was admitted as a U.S. state in 1959.

Organized and unorganized territories
The provisions of an Organic Act typically include the establishment of a Bill of Rights for the territory, as well as the framework of a tripartite government. Such a territory is said to be organized. Historically, an organized territory differed from a state in that although the organic act allowed for limited self-government, a territory had no constitution and ultimate authority over the territory was held not by the territorial government but by the United States Congress. Some contemporary organized territories have constitutions, but such constitutions are distinct from state constitutions in that they do not qualify the territory for becoming a state of the union.

Form of government
See also: Organized incorporated territories of the United States
The first organized territory in the United States was the Northwest Territory, organized in 1787 by the passage of the Northwest Ordinance, which is the prototype for subsequent organic acts. In the following century and a half, 29 other territories were organized at one time or another. Historically, the organization of a territory by the passage of an organic act was typically a prelude to statehood. All of these were incorporated territories, meaning that they were fully part of the United States, though that distinction did not arise until the first non-incorporated territories were gained following the Spanish-American War in 1898.

Incorporated organized territories
In the current lexicon of the United States political insular areas, a "commonwealth" is considered a special case of an organized territory. At present, there are two—Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands. Neither of these, however, is an incorporated territory.
Additionally, Guam and the United States Virgin Islands are organized territories, but they are neither incorporated nor considered commonwealths. On the other hand, American Samoa is formally considered an unorganized territory, though it is self-governing under a 1967 constitution.

Non-incorporated organized territories
Most of the historic territories of the United States, including all the ones that eventually became U.S. states, were incorporated organized territories, that is, incorporated territories for which Congress established a local civil government. The distinction between unincorporated territories and incorporated territories did not arise until the 20th century, following the acquisition by the United States of possessions arising from the Spanish-American War, including the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. Previously, the United States had acquired territory only through annexation, with all territories being de facto incorporated territories.
The distinction between incorporated and unincorporated territories was clarified in the 1937 United States Supreme Court case People of Puerto Rico v. Shell Oil Co., in which the Court determined that the Sherman Antitrust Act, which had referred only to "territories," applied to Puerto Rico even though it was not an incorporated territory of the United States. See also: Insular Cases, and Guano Islands Act.
In the contemporary sense, the term "unincorporated territory" refers primarily to insular areas. There is currently only one incorporated territory, Palmyra Atoll, which is not an organized territory. Conversely, a territory can be organized without being an incorporated territory, a contemporary example being Puerto Rico.
See organized incorporated territories of the United States and unincorporated territories of the United States for timelines.

History

Classification of current U.S. territories
none since 1959

Incorporated organized territories

Palmyra Atoll is privately owned by the Nature Conservancy and administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior. It is an archipelago of about 50 small islands about 1.56 square miles (4 km²) in area that lies about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) south of Honolulu. The atoll was acquired by the United States in the 1898 annexation of the Republic of Hawaii. When the Territory of Hawaii was incorporated on April 30, 1900, Palmyra Atoll was incorporated as part of that territory. However, when Hawaii became a state in 1959, Palmyra Atoll was explicitly separated from the state, remaining an incorporated territory but receiving no new organized government. Incorporated unorganized territories

Guam
Northern Mariana Islands (commonwealth)
Puerto Rico (commonwealth)
United States Virgin Islands Unincorporated unorganized territories

Classification of former U.S. territories & administered areas
See Organized incorporated territories of the United States for a complete list.

Former incorporated organized territories of the United States

Line Islands (?–1979): Disputed claim with United Kingdom, all U.S. claims ceded to Kiribati upon its independence.
Panama Canal Zone (1903–1999): sovereignty returned to Panama under the Torrijos-Carter Treaties; the U.S. retains a military interest
Philippine Islands (1902–1935); Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935–1946): Full independence in 1946.
Phoenix Islands (?–1979): Disputed claim with United Kingdom, all U.S. claims ceded to Kiribati upon its independence. Former unincorporated territories of the United States (incomplete)

Puerto Rico (April 11, 1899-May 1, 1900): civil government operations began
Philippines (April 11, 1899-July 4, 1901): civil government operations began
Cuba (April 11, 1899-May 20, 1902): sovereignty granted as Republic of Cuba
Guam (April 11, 1899-July 1, 1950): civil government operations began Former unincorporated territories of the United States under military government

Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1947–1986): included the Compact of Free Association nations (Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, and Palau) and the Northern Mariana Islands
Ryukyu Islands (1952–1972): returned to Japanese control, included some other minor islands under the Agreement Between the United States of America and Japan Concerning the Ryukyu Islands and the Daito Islands. Other zones

Political divisions of the United States
Territorial evolution of the United States
Historic regions of the United States
Organized incorporated territories of the United States
Unincorporated territories of the United States
Insular area
Unorganized territory
Incorporated territory
Enabling act (United States)
Hawaiian Organic Act

In ethics, cognitivism is the view that ethical sentences express propositions and can therefore be true or false (they are truth-apt), which noncognitivists deny.

General idea
But cognitivism can also agree with ethical irrealism or anti-realism. Ethical naturalism (or ethical realism) and ethical cognitivism are different meta-ethical theories. Cognitive irrealist theories accept that ethical sentences can be true or false, even if there exist no natural, physical or in any way real (or «worldly») entities or objects to make them true or false. In a similar way as there is no real entity to make true the sentence "If it had rained yesterday, the floor would have been wet." or any other counterfactual sentence (except for those who accept modal realism).
Crispin Wright, John Skorupski and some others defend normative cognitivist irrealism. Wright asserts the extreme implausibility of both J. L. Mackie's error-theory and expressivism (including S. Blackburn's quasi-realism) in view of everyday or sophisticated moral talk and argument. The same point is often expressed as the Frege-Geach problem. Skorupski distinguishes between receptive awareness, which is not possible in normative matters, and non-receptive awareness (including dialogical knowledge), which is possible in normative matters.
Hilary Putnam's book Ethics without ontology (Harvard, 2004) argues for a similar view, that ethical (and for that matter mathematical) sentences can be true and objective without there being any objects to make them so.
Cognitivism points to the semantic difference between imperative sentences and declarative sentences in normative subjects. Or to the different meanings and purposes of some superficially declarative sentences. For instance, if a teacher allows one of her students to go out by saying «You may go out.», this sentence is neither true or false. It gives a permission. But, in most situations, if one of the students asks one of his classmates whether she thinks that he may go out and she answers «Of course you may go out.», this sentence is either true or false. It does not give a permission, it states that there is a permission.
Another argument for ethical cognitivism stands on the close resemblance between ethics and other normative matters, such as games. As much as morality, games consist of norms (or rules), but it would be hard to accept that it be not true that the chessplayer who checkmates the other one wins the game. If statements about game rules can be true or false, why not ethical statements? One answer is that we may want ethical statements to be categorically true, while we only need statements about right action to be contingent on the acceptance of the rules of a particular game - that is, the choice to play the game according to a given set of rules.

Martin Sheen (born August 3, 1940 as Ramón Gerardo Antonio Estévez) is an Emmy- and Golden Globe Award-winning American actor. He is perhaps best known for his role as Captain Willard in the film Apocalypse Now and, most recently, as President Josiah Bartlet on the acclaimed and long-running television drama series The West Wing.

Early life
Sheen had wanted to act since he was very young, but his father disapproved. In spite of this, Sheen borrowed money from a priest and headed to New York City. While Sheen claims he deliberately flunked the entrance exam for the University of Dayton so that he could pursue his acting career, he still has an affinity for UD, and is seen drinking from a "Dayton Flyers" coffee mug during several episodes of The West Wing. Sheen has said that he was greatly influenced by the actor James Dean. Sheen developed a theater company with other actors in hopes that a production would earn him recognition. In 1963 he made an appearance in Nightmare, an episode from the TV science fiction series The Outer Limits. The following year he starred in the Broadway play The Subject Was Roses, which he recreated in the 1968 film of the same name. Sheen was a co-star in the controversial, Emmy-winning 1972 television movie That Certain Summer said to be the first television movie to portray homosexuality in a sympathetic, non-judgemental light. His next important feature film role was in 1973, when he starred with Sissy Spacek in the crime drama Badlands - which he has said in many interviews is his best film.
In 1974, Sheen portrayed a hot rod driver in the TV movie The California Kid, and that same year received an Emmy Award nomination for Best Actor in a television drama for his portrayal of Pvt. Eddie Slovik in the made-for-television film, The Execution of Private Slovik. The film told the World War II story of the only American soldier to be executed for desertion since the American Civil War. It was Sheen's performance in this film that ultimately led to Francis Ford Coppola choosing him for a starring role in 1979's Apocalypse Now which gained him wide recognition. On the set of Apocalypse Now, Sheen admitted that he wasn't in the greatest shape and was drinking heavily. On location Sheen had a heart attack and crawled out to a road for help.
Sheen has also done voiceovers as the narrator for the Eyewitness Movie series.

Career
Sheen received six Emmy nominations for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series for his performance on The West Wing, for which he won a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actor in TV-Drama, as well as two SAG Awards for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series, and was part of the cast that received two SAG Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series.
In his acting career, Sheen has been nominated for twelve Emmy Awards, winning three. He has also earned eight nominations for Golden Globe Awards. Sheen has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 1500 Vine Street.

Awards
In light of the end of filming of "The West Wing", Sheen announced plans to further his education. "My plan is to read English literature, philosophy and theology in Galway, Republic of Ireland, where my late mother came from and where I'm also a citizen". He has since left the University after completing a semester.

NUI Galway
Martin Sheen is no stranger to politics, both as an actor and in real life. He has played U.S. President John F. Kennedy (in the miniseries Kennedy — The Presidential Years), Attorney General Robert Kennedy in the television special The Missiles of October, White House Chief of Staff A.J. McInnerney in The American President, sinister future president Greg Stillson in The Dead Zone, and fictional Democratic president Josiah Bartlet in the acclaimed television drama The West Wing.
Although he didn't attend college, Sheen credited the Marianists at University of Dayton as a major influence on his public activism. Sheen is known for his robust support of liberal political causes, such as United States military actions and a toxic-waste incinerator in East Liverpool, Ohio. Sheen has resisted calls to run for office, saying "There's no way that I could be the president. You can't have a pacifist in the White House … I'm an actor. This is what I do for a living."

Political activism
Sheen married art student Janet Templeton on December 23, 1961, and they have four children, three sons and a daughter, all of whom are actors: Emilio Estévez, Ramón Luis Estévez, Charlie Sheen and Renée Estévez.
Martin Sheen starred in the Vietnam war film Apocalypse Now, and his son, Charlie Sheen, also starred in a film about Vietnam: Platoon. Charlie Sheen once stated that he wanted to star in a film similar to one his father was in because he wanted to know what it feels like. They jointly parodied their respective previous roles in the 1993 movie Hot Shots Part Deux: their river patrol boats pased each other, at which point they both shouted, "I liked you in Wall Street!", a film they both starred in in 1987.
In the Spring of 1989, Sheen was named Honorary Mayor of Malibu, California. He promptly marked his appointment with a decree proclaiming the area "a nuclear-free zone, a sanctuary for [illegal] aliens and the homeless, and a protected environment for all life, wild and tame".

Filmography

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of the Isle of Man
On the Isle of Man, politics takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic British Crown dependency, whereby the Chief Minister is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in the bicameral Tynwald. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
The Isle of Man is not part of the United Kingdom or the European Union. However, the Isle of Man is a Crown dependency, and the United Kingdom has responsibility for all external, citizenship, good governance, and defence affairs.
The island has no representation at either the UK or EU parliaments. The island is governed by Tynwald, said to be the world's oldest continuously existing parliament.

Lord of Mann: Elizabeth II
Lieutenant Governor: Sir Paul Haddacks
Deputy Governor: Michael Kerruish
Tynwald

• President of Tynwald: Noel Cringle
  Legislative Council
  
  
  
  • President: Noel Cringle
    House of Keys
    
    
    
    • Speaker: Steve Rodan
      Government
      Council of Ministers
      
      
      
      • Chief Minister: Tony Brown
        Treasury Minister: Allan Bell
        Home Minister: Martyn Quayle
        Health Minister: Eddie Teare
        Education Minister: Annie Craine
        Industry Minister: David Cretney
        Tourism Minister: Adrian Earnshaw
        Transport Minister: David Anderson
        DAFF Minister: Phil Gawne
        DLGE Minister: John Shimmin
        Chief Secretary: Mary Williams
        Manx Judiciary
        
        
        
        • First Deemster: Michael Kerruish
          Second Deemster: David Doyle
          Deputy Deemster: Andrew Williamson
          Judge of Appeal: Geoffrey Tattersall
          High Bailiff: Michael Moyle
          Deputy High Bailiff: Alastair Montgomerie
          Attorney General: John Corlett
          Keys Constituencies
          Local Government
          Political parties
          Elections
          Officials of State
          Parish Captains Legislative branch
          
          
          For more details on this topic, see External relations of the Isle of Man. Intervention of the United Kingdom
          For other political parties see List of political parties in the Isle of Man. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in the Isle of Man.
          Most Manx politicians stand for election as independents rather than as representatives of political parties. Though political parties do exist, their influence is not nearly as strong as is the case in the United Kingdom. Consequently, much Manx legislation develops through consensus among the members of Tynwald, which contrasts with the much more adversarial nature of the UK parliament.
          The largest political party is the recently established Liberal Vannin Party, which promotes greater Manx independence and more accountability in Government. The LibVannin party has two members of Tynwald including Leader Peter Karran MHK.
          A Manx Labour Party also exists, unaffiliated to the UK Labour Party.
          A political pressure group Mec Vannin advocates the establishment of a sovereign republic.
          The island also formerly had a Manx National Party and a Manx Communist party. There are Manx members in the Celtic League, a political pressure group that advocates greater co-operation between and political autonomy for the Celtic nations.
          The main political issues include the Island's relationship with the finance sector, housing prices and shortages, and the Manx language.
          The vast majority of the members of the House of Keys are non-partisan (19), with two representatives from the Manx Labour Party and three from the Alliance for Progressive Government.
          
          Political parties and elections
          The lowest courts in the Isle of Man are presided over by the High Bailiff and the Deputy High Bailiff, along with lay Justices of the Peace. The High Court of Justice consists of three civil divisions and is presided over by a Deemster. Appeals are dealt with by the Staff of Government Division with final appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom. The head of the Judiciary is the First Deemster and Clerk of the Rolls. The other High & Appeal Court Judges are the Second Deemster, Deputy Deemster and Judge of Appeal, all of whom are appointed by the Lieutenant Governor.
          The Court of General Gaol Delivery is the criminal court for serious offences (effectively the equivalent of a Crown Court in England). It is theoretically not part of the High Court, but is effectively the criminal division of the court. The Second Deemster normally sits as the judge in this court. In 1992, His Honour Deemster Callow passed the last-ever sentence of death in a court in the British Islands (which was commuted to life imprisonment). Capital punishment in the Isle of Man was formally abolished by Tynwald in 1993 (although the last execution on the island took place in 1872).
          
          Work permits and immigration
          
          Royal Commission on the Constitution (United Kingdom)